၂၀၀၉ ခုနွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၂၁ ရက္ေန.ထုတ္ Time မဂၢဇင္းမွာပါတဲ့ David McNew နဲ. Getty တုိ.ေရးထားတဲ့ What College Students Don't Know ဆိုတဲ့ Essay ေလးကုိ ဘာသာျပန္ထားတာပါ ။ နွစ္စဥ္နွစ္တုိင္း ေမာင္မယ္သစ္လြင္ ေက်ာင္းသားေလးေတြ ေကာလိပ္ကုိ ဝင္လာခ်ိန္မွာ Beloit College ကထုတ္ေဝေလ့ရွိတဲ့ Mindset List အေၾကာင္းကေန အစတည္ျပီး ၊ ေနာက္ဆုံးမွာ ေနာက္မ်ဳိးဆက္ေတြက ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.ကုိ ဘယ္လုိအကဲျဖတ္ေလမလဲ ဆုိတဲ့ထိ သယ္ေဆာင္ေရးသားသြားပုံေလးကုိ ၾကဳိက္လည္းၾကဳိက္မိ ၊ အကဲျဖတ္ခံရမွာကုိ ေၾကာက္လည္း ေၾကာက္မိနဲ.ပဲ ဒီရသစာတမ္းေလးကုိ ဘာသာျပန္လုိက္မိပါတယ္ ။ ကဲၾကည့္ၾကဦးစုိ.ရဲ. ။
ေဆာင္းဦးေပါက္ရာသီေရာက္တုိင္း ဘဲလြဳိက္ေကာလိပ္မွ ပါေမာကၡမ်ားသည္ အတန္းသစ္သုိ.ဝင္လာမည့္ ေက်ာင္းသူေက်ာင္းသားအသစ္တုိ.၏ ဘဝနွင့္ ေတြးေခၚပုံအေပၚ ဩဇာသက္ေရာက္နုိင္ဖြယ္ရွိသည့္ ျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ားနွင့္ အေတြ.အၾကဳံမ်ားကုိ စာရင္းျပဳစုထားသည့္ စိတ္ေနစိတ္ထားစာရင္းကုိ ထုတ္ေဝေလ့ရွိသည္ ။ ထုိစာရင္းသည္ အရုိးစြဲေနသည့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဓေလ့ထုံးတမ္းမ်ားကုိ စာရင္းျပဳစုထားျခင္းျဖစ္ျပီး ေတာက္ပေသာမ်က္လုံးေလးမ်ားနွင့္ ေက်ာင္းသားသစ္ေလးမ်ားအတြက္ မည္သုိ.မွ် အဓိပၸါယ္မရွိပါ ။ ၎သည္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. မည္မွ်ထိခရီးေပါက္ခဲ့ျပီျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ၊ အခ်ိန္ကာလအားျဖင့္ မည္မွ်ျဖတ္သန္းခဲ့ျပီျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ညႊန္ျပေနသည့္ စာရင္းတစ္ခုသာျဖစ္သည္ ။ ယခုနွစ္ အတန္းသစ္သုိ. ဝင္ေရာက္လာမည့္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားမွာ ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာကုိးဆယ့္တစ္ ခုနွစ္က ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သူမ်ား ျဖစ္သည္ ။ ဤစာရင္းကုိ ျပဳစုရာတြင္ (စာရင္းျပဳစုသူတုိ.ကလည္း ရွင္းျပထားသည္) သူတုိ.သည္ စာအုပ္တစ္အုပ္ကုိ ရွာသကဲ့သုိ. ကတ္တေလာက္အညႊန္းနွင့္ စနစ္တက် ရွာေဖြ ျပဳစုခဲ့ျခင္းမ်ဳိးမဟုတ္ပါ ။ မကၠဆီကုိေဆာ့၏ ေရာင္းအားသည္ မေလးရွားေဆာ့၏ ေရာင္းအားကုိ ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္တက္သြားသည္ ၊ ေကာလိပ္မ်ားတြင္ အမ်ဳိးသမီးဦးေရသည္ အမ်ဳိးသားဦးေရကုိ ေက်ာ္လြန္ေနသည္ ။ ဂ်ယ္လုိတံဆိပ္ ေက်ာက္ေက်ာျပာကမူ အျမဲရွိေနသည္ မဟုတ္ေလာ ။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာကုိးဆယ့္တစ္ ခုနွစ္အတြင္းက အီရတ္တြင္ စစ္ပြဲတစ္ပြဲ တိုက္ခဲ့ၾကသည္ ၊ ယခုလည္း တုိက္ေနဆဲပင္ ၊ က်န္းမာေရးေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈစနစ္ကုိ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးလုပ္ရန္ ၾကဳိးစားခဲ့ၾကသည္္ ၊ ယခုခ်ိန္ထိလည္း ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရး လုပ္ေနရဆဲပင္ ။ သုိ.ေသာ္ မေျပာင္းလဲသည့္ အရာတစ္ခ်ဳိ.ကုိ ၾကည့္၍ စိတ္ဓာတ္က်မသြားပါနွင့္ အျခားေျပာင္းလဲသြားသည့္ နယ္ပယ္မ်ား၌ မည္မွ်ထိ ေျပာင္းလဲသြားခဲ့သည္ကုိ စဥ္းစားၾကည့္ပါဦး ။ ကမၻာၾကီးသည္ တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာကုိးဆယ့္တစ္ ခုနွစ္၌ လူမည္းေမာ္ေတာ္ဆုိင္ကယ္သမား ေရာ့ဒနီကင္းကုိ ေလာ့စ္အိန္ဂ်လိစ္ ရဲအဖြဲ.က ဝုိင္း၍ရုိက္သည္ကုိ ၾကည့္ခဲ့ၾကရသည္ ၊ ထုိရဲမ်ားကုိ တရားေသလႊတ္ေပးခဲ့သည္။ လူမ်ဳိးျခားနွင့္ လက္ထပ္ျခင္းကုိ လူျဖဴအမ်ားစုက သေဘာမတူနုိင္ၾကေသးပါ ။ ထုိေခတ္ကာလက ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.ျပည္သူမ်ားသည္ လူျဖဴ-လူမည္းကျပား သမၼတနွင့္ လူမည္းသမၼတကေတာ္တုိ.ကုိ မဲေပးဖြယ္ရွိပါသေလာဟု သင့္ဘာသာ ျပန္ေမးခြန္းထုတ္ၾကည့္ပါ ။
ထုိနွစ္အတြင္း၌ ေတာင္အာဖရိကနုိင္ငံတြင္ အသားအေရာင္ ခြဲျခားမႈစနစ္ အဆုံးသတ္သြားခဲ့သည္ ၊ ဆုိဗီယက္ယူနီယံ ျပဳိက်သြားခဲ့ျပီး ေဒါင္ဂ်ဳန္းအညႊန္းကိန္းမွာ သုံးေထာင္ခန္.ထိထုိးဆင္း ျပဳတ္က်သြားခဲ့သည္။ ေနာက္တစ္နွစ္အၾကာ၌ လက္ကုိင္ဖုန္းမွတစ္ဆင့္ ပုိ.နုိင္သည့္ စာတုိတစ္ေစာင္ကုိ ပထမဆုံးအၾကိမ္ ပုိ.နုိင္ခဲ့သည္ ၊ ယေန.ခ်ိန္ခါတြင္မူ ကမၻာ.လူဦးေရထက္ပုိေသာ စာတုိမ်ားကုိ ေန.စဥ္နွင့္အမွ် ပုိ.ေနၾကေလျပီ ။ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ လမ္းေလွ်ာက္တတ္စ အရြယ္မွ ဆယ္ေက်ာ္သက္အရြယ္ ေရာက္သြားသည့့္ အခ်ိန္ကာလအတြင္း၌ လူသား၏ မ်ဳိးရုိးဗီဇဂ်င္းကုိ အဓိပၸါယ္ ေဖာ္ထုတ္နိုင္ခဲ့သည္ ၊ လူတုိင္း၌ အုိင္ေပါ့ ဂ်ီပီအက္စ္ နွင့္ ဒီဗြီအာ စက္တုိ. ပုိင္ဆုိင္ေနၾကေလျပီ ။ နွစ္ေထာင့္တစ္ဆယ္ ခုနွစ္အတြင္း၌ ေခတ္အစားဆုံးျဖစ္မည့္ ထိပ္တန္းအလုပ္အကုိင္ ဆယ္မ်ဳိးမွာ လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ေျခာက္္နွစ္အၾကာက မရွိေသးသည့္ အလုပ္မ်ဳိးျဖစ္သည္ ။ ဆုိလုိသည္မွာ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ ကေလးမ်ားကုိ မရွိေသးသည့္ အလုပ္အကုိင္ အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ားအတြက္ မတီထြင္ရေသးသည့္ နည္းပညာမ်ားကုိ အသုံးျပဳ၍ ေလ့က်င့္သင္ၾကားေပးေနျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္ ။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခန္.မွန္းထားသည္ထက္ပုိေသာ အေျပာင္းအလဲမ်ားကုိ (အေတာ္အသင့္ ဣေျႏၵရွိစြာ) ေျဖရွင္းနုိင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္ ။ ဤအခ်က္က ဘာကုိျပေနသနည္းဆုိေသာ္ အတိတ္ကာလက အနာဂတ္နွင့္ ပက္သက္သည့္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.၏ ေျမာ္ျမင္မွန္းဆမႈမ်ားမွာ အေျမာ္အျမင္ ရွိသင့္သေလာက္ရွိခဲ့ပုံမရဟု ညႊန္းဆုိေနျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ။ ျဖစ္ေတာ့ျဖစ္တတ္ပါသည္ ၊ လက္ေတြ.အျဖစ္အပ်က္မ်ားက ၾကဳိတင္ေဟာကိန္းထုတ္ထားသည္မ်ားကုိ ပ်က္ရယ္ျပဳေလွာင္ေျပာင္၍ အရွက္ရေစတတ္သည္ ။ “စဥ္းစားခ်င့္ခ်ိန္တတ္၍ တာဝန္သိေသာ မည္သည့္မိန္းမမွ် မဲေပးလိမ့္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ” ဟု ဂရုိဗာ ကလိဗ္လင္းက တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာငါးခုနွစ္က ေျပာခဲ့ဖူးသည္ ။ တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာငါးဆယ္ခုနွစ္ ေထာင္စုနွစ္လယ္အထိမ္းအမွတ္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုအေျချပမိန္.ခြန္း၌ “ခုခ်ိန္ကစျပီးတြက္လုိ. ေနာက္နွစ္ငါးဆယ္ဆုိရင္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.ရဲ. အမ်ဳိးသားထုတ္ကုန္တန္ဖုိးဟာ ခုလက္ရွိထက္ ေလးဆတုိးလာမည္”ဟု ဟယ္ရီထရူးမင္းက ေျပာခဲ့သည္ ။ တကယ္တမ္း၌ သုံးဆယ့္သုံးဆ မွ်တုိးတက္ခဲ့သည္ ။ “အမ်ဳိးသမီးတစ္ေယာက္ ဝန္ၾကီးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္လာဖုိ.ဆုိတာ ကြ်န္မဘဝရဲ. သက္တမ္းတစ္ေလွ်ာက္တင္မကပါဘူး နွစ္ကာလေပါင္း အေတာ္ၾကာအုံးမွာပါ” ဟု တစ္ေထာင့္ကုိးရာေျခာက္ဆယ့္ကုိး ခုနွစ္၌ မာဂရက္သက္ခ်ာက ေျပာခဲ့ဖူးသည္ ။
ေခါင္းေဆာင္တုိ.သည္ အနာဂတ္ကုိ ပစၥဳပၸန္အတြက္ ကာကြယ္ေဆးအျဖစ္ အားကုိးအားထားျပဳတတ္ၾကသည္ ။ ဆုိဗီယက္ေတြ အာကာသထဲကုိ လူလႊတ္တင္ျပီတဲ့လား ။ “လကမၻာကုိ လူလႊတ္သင့္ျပီလုိ. ကြ်န္ေတာ္ယုံၾကည္တယ္” ဟု သမၼတကေနဒီက ေၾကညာလုိက္သည္ ။ သူ.ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ကမၻာတစ္ခုလုံး ဒုကၡေရာက္ေနခ်ိန္၌ သိကၡာေတာ္ရ ဆရာေတာ္ မာတင္လူသာကင္း ဂ်ဴနီယာက “ကြ်န္ေတာ့္မွာ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခ်က္ အိပ္မက္ေတြရွိတယ္” ဟု ေၾကညာခဲ့သည္ ။ ကတိစကားတုိ.ကုိ အေကာင္အထည္ ေဖာ္ေကာင္းေဖာ္ပါလိမ့္မည္ ၊ ရည္မွန္းထားသည္ထက္ပုိ၍ ျဖည့္ဆည္းနုိင္ေကာင္း ျဖည့္ဆည္းနုိင္ပါလိမ့္မည္ ၊ သုိ.တည္းမဟုတ္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.ကုိ ဒရြတ္တုိက္ဆြဲေခၚ၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္သြားသည္လည္း ျဖစ္နုိင္ပါေသးသည္ ။ “အနာဂတ္နဲ.ပက္သက္တဲ့ အေကာင္းဆုံးအခ်က္က ၎ဟာ တစ္ၾကိမ္မွာ တစ္ရက္ပဲ ဆုိက္ေရာက္လာတဲ့အခ်က္ျဖစ္တယ္” ဟု ေအဗရာဟမ္လင္ကြန္းက ဆုိခဲ့ဖူးသည္ ။ ထုိအခ်က္မွာ အနာဂတ္ကုိ ဖန္တီးေနသူမ်ားအဖုိ. မွန္ေကာင္းမွန္လိမ့္မည္ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.အတြက္မူ မွန္နုိင္လိမ့္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ ။ ခဏမွ်ျပန္လည္၍ ငဲ့ေစာင္းၾကည့္ပါက အတိတ္ကာလ၏ အနာဂတ္ကုိ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. ၾကည့္ျမင္နုိင္ၾကပါသည္ ၊ ဇာတ္လမ္းဇာတ္ကြက္တုိ. မည္သုိ.မည္ပုံ ေျပာင္းလဲသြားသည္ကုိ ျမင္နုိင္ၾကသည္ ။ အခက္အခဲတုိ.ကုိ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. ၾကံ့ၾကံ့ခံနုိင္ခဲ့ၾကပါ၏ေလာ ။ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈရခဲ့ပါ၏ေလာ ။ အခက္အခဲ ျပႆနာတုိ.ကုိ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. မျမင္ေယာင္ျပဳ လစ္လ်ဴရႈခဲ့ၾကပါသေလာ ။
အတိတ္၏ အင္အားသည္ အေတြ.အၾကဳံမွ ေပၚထြက္လာသည္ ၊ ဒီတစ္ၾကိမ္မွာေတာ့ အေျခအေနေတြဟာ အရင္ကနဲ.တူေကာင္းမွတူမွာပါဟု ျငင္းပယ္ရဲေစသည္ ။ အနာဂတ္၏ အင္အားသည္ စမ္းသပ္ခ်က္မ်ားမွလည္းေကာင္း ၊ အေၾကာက္တရားနွင့္ ေျမာ္လင့္ျခင္းတုိ.အၾကား၌ အဆုံးမဲ့ အျငဳိးတၾကီး အာဃာတတရားျဖင့္ ယွဥ္ျပဳိင္ရာမွလည္းေကာင္း ထြက္ေပၚလာျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ။ ယခုေလာေလာဆယ္တြင္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ အေျပာင္းအလဲနွင့္ ပက္သက္၍ တစ္ဒါဇင္မွ်ေသာ ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ေနၾကသည္၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.၏ အဖြဲ.အစည္းမ်ား ၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.၏ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ၊ ကမၻာေျမအေပၚ ျပဳမူေနသည့္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို.၏ အျပဳအမူမ်ား ၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.လူသားအခ်င္းခ်င္းၾကားရွိ အျပဳအမူမ်ားနွင့္ ပက္သက္၍ ေဆြးေႏြးျငင္းခုန္ေနၾကသည္ ။
မ်က္လုံးကုိေစ့ေစ့ပိတ္ ၊ တုပ္တုပ္မွ်မလႈပ္ပဲ သူ.အလုိလုိ ျဖတ္သန္းျပီးဆုံးသြားခ်ိန္ကုိ ေစာင့္ဆုိင္းေနရန္ သုိ.မဟုတ္ စည္သြတ္အစားအစာတုိ.ကုိ သုိေလွာင္သိမ္းဆည္း၍ အဆုိးဆုံးကုိ ေျမာ္လင့္ လက္ခံလုိက္ရန္ ေသြးေဆာင္ျဖားေယာင္းေနသည္ ။ ဤေႏြရာသီသည္ အျငင္းအခုန္တုိ.ျဖင့္ ျပည့္ေနသည့္ အလြန္အရုပ္ဆုိးသည့္ ေႏြရာသီျဖစ္သည္ ၊ တစ္ခုခုကုိ ရင္ဆုိင္ရဲသည့္ သုိ.မဟုတ္ ထုိတစ္ခုခုကုိ ေျဖရွင္းရဲသည့္ စိတ္အင္အားေတြ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.တြင္ ေပ်ာက္ဆုံးသြားျပီဟု ေကာက္ခ်က္ခ်သည့္အတြက္ သင့္ကုိ အျပစ္တင္လိမ့္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ ၊ ခြင့္လႊတ္ၾကပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. သိျပီးသားျဖစ္သည့္ ၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.နွင့္ ရင္းနွီးကြ်မ္းဝင္ျပီးသားျဖစ္သည့္ မေကာင္းဆုိးရြားနွင့္အတူ ကခုန္ေနၾကရုံသာ ရွိေတာ့သည္ ၊ ေက်းဇူးတင္ပါသည္ ။ သုိ.ေသာ္ ဝါရွင္တန္ကုိ ၾကည့္လုိက္ပါ ၊ ေဝါလမ္းမကုိ ၾကည့္လုိက္ပါ ၊ ျငင္းခုန္ေနတာေတြကုိရပ္ ၊ အျပင္ထြက္ လမ္းေလးေလွ်ာက္ၾကည့္လုိက္ပါ ၊ က်က္သေရရွိမႈ အျဖာျဖာ ၊ တီထြင္ထုိးထြင္းဥာဏ္ရွိမႈ အစုစုကုိ သင္ေတြ.ရပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ အေျပာင္းအလဲကုိ စကိတ္ဘုတ္ပမာ စီးေနၾကသည့္ လူေတြကုိ ေတြ.ရလိမ့္မည္ - ေလွ်ာလမ္းတစ္ေလွ်ာက္ အရွိန္ျမင့္သြားသည္ ၊ လွည့္သည္ ၊ ခုန္ပ်ံထြက္သြားသည္ ၊ ေလ၏အလွ်င္ကဲ့သုိ. လွ်င္ျမန္ဖ်တ္လတ္၍ ေသေသသပ္သပ္ ရပ္တန္.လိုက္သည္ ။ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.ကုိ တစ္နည္းနည္းနဲ. အေသသတ္မပစ္ေသးပါလားဟု ေတြးမိပါလိမ့္မည္ ။
သကၠရာဇ္ နွစ္ေထာင့္နွစ္ဆယ့္ခုနွစ္ ခုနွစ္ ေမာင္မယ္သစ္လြင္တန္းမွ ေက်ာင္းသားသစ္ေလးမ်ား ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.၏ အနာဂတ္ကုိ ျပန္၍ၾကည့္မိပါက မည္သည့္အရာကမ်ား သူတုိ.ကုိ အံ့ဩမဆုံး ျဖစ္ေစမည္နည္း ။ တစ္ခါတုန္းက ေဂးအခ်င္းခ်င္း လက္ထပ္ခြင့္ မျပဳသည္ကုိလား သုိ.မဟုတ္ ေဂးေတြလက္ထပ္ၾကသည္ကုိ အံ့ဩေနၾကမည္လား ။ ကမၻာၾကီး ပူေႏြးလာသည္ကုိ ထုိင္ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနသည္ကုိလား သုိ.မဟုတ္ ကမၻာၾကီးကုိ ကယ္တင္ခဲ့သည္ကုိ အံ့ဩေနၾကမည္လား ။ ဆင္းရဲသားေတြကုိ အကာအကြယ္ေပးခဲ့သည္ကုိလား သုိ.မဟုတ္ သူတုိ.ကုိ အားေပးျမွင့္တင္ခဲ့သည္ကုိလား သုိ.တည္းမဟုတ္ လစ္လ်ဴရႈ ဥေပကၡာျပဳခဲ့သည္ကုိပဲ အံ့ဩေနၾကမည္လား ။ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.တတ္နုိင္သည့္ အတုိင္းအတာအတြင္းတြင္ပဲ ေနထုိင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္ကုိလား သုိ.မဟုတ္ တတ္နုိင္သည့္ အတုိင္းအတာထက္ေက်ာ္လြန္၍ ေနထုိင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္ကုိပဲ အ့ံဩေနၾကေလမည္လား ။ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.သည္ တစ္ၾကိမ္လွ်င္ တစ္ရက္မွ် ေရြးခ်ယ္နုိင္ၾကပါသည္ ၊ သုိ.ေသာ္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.၏ ကေလးငယ္မ်ားသည္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. ထုတ္လုပ္ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့သည့္ အရာမ်ားနွင့္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ. မလုပ္ပဲခ်န္ထားခဲ့သည္မ်ားကုိ အေျခခံ၍ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တုိ.မ်ဳိးဆက္ကုိ ဆုံးျဖတ္ၾကပါလိမ့္မည္ ။
(September 21, 2009 ခုနွစ္ထုတ္ Time မဂၢဇင္းမွ David McNew/Getty တုိ.၏ What College Students Don't Know ကုိသင့္ေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိထားပါသည္ ။)
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Sunday, October 18, 2009
Phrasal Verbs and Idioms မွတ္စုမ်ား ၂
အပ်င္းနည္းနည္းထူေနတာေၾကာင့္ Essay အသစ္ဘာသာမျပန္ျဖစ္ေသးပါ ။ အရင္ျပန္ခဲ့တဲ့ 1. The Avenging Amateur 2. Raising a Child Costs Some $221,000 Before College ထဲက Phrasal Verbs ေတြနဲ. Idioms ေတြကုိဘဲ Post တစ္ခုအေနနဲ. တင္လုိက္ပါတယ္ ။
1. come about (that) ~ (phrv)to happen ျဖစ္သည္ ။
Can you tell me how the accident came about?
How did it come about that he knew where we were?
ဒီ phrasal verb ကုိ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။
When you say how something comes about, you explain how it happens.
The discovery of adrenalin came about through a mistake.
How did the invitation come about?
The financial crisis came about because we got complacent, depending on all-knowing financial experts – mortgage lenders, Wall Street sharpers, the Federal Reserve- to run our system expertly.
2. along/down the line ~ (idm) (informal) at some point during an activity or a process (လုပ္ရင္းကုိင္ရင္း ။ တစ္ေလွ်ာက္လုံး။)
Somewhere along the line a large amount of money went missing.
We obviously went wrong somewhere along the line.
He’s created problems all (ie at every stage) along the line.
We’ll make a decision on that further down the line.
3. turn out to be sb/sth; turn out that…~ (phrv) ျမန္မာလုိအဓိပၸါယ္က “လက္စသတ္ေတာ့..ျဖစ္သည္။” Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs အဘိဓာန္ထဲမွာေတာ့ ဒီလုိ ရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္။
If something or someone turns out to be a particular thing, they are discovered to be that thing. နမူနာ ဝါက်ေတြအေနနဲ.
She turned out to be a friend of my sister.
It turned out that she was a friend of my sister.
The job turned out to be harder than we thought.
The Marvins’ house turned out to be an old converted barn.
Mrs Moffat had turned out to be the perfect landlady.
It turned out that the message sent to him had been intercepted.
Until finally the last expert down the line turned out to be just another greater fool, and the system crashed.
4. as it/things turned out ~ (idm) as was shown or proved by later events (ျဖစ္ခ်င္ေတာ့)
I didn’t need my umbrella, as it turned out (= because it didn’t rain).
5. cobble sth together ~ (phrv) to produce sth quickly and without great care or effort, so that it can be used but is not perfect (ရရာနွင့္ စပ္ဟပ္ျပဳလုပ္သည္ ။ လြယ္လြယ္နွင့္ ျဖစ္ကတတ္ဆန္း လုပ္သည္။) အဘိဓာန္ထဲမွာ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္။
If you cobble something together, you make or produce it roughly or quickly, by using things that are available to you.
The essay was cobbled together from some old notes.
Its author has cobbled together a guide to the islands.
He hastily cobbled together an essay from some old lecture notes.
But we can no longer abdicate judgment to them or to the system they’ve cobbled together.
6. factor sth in/ factor sth into sth ~ (phr v) (technical) to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning sth :
Remember to factor in staffing costs when you are planning the project.
It fails to factor in marginal expenditures on window-repairing, rug-cleaning, photo-processing, cell phones, sedatives.
1. come about (that) ~ (phrv)to happen ျဖစ္သည္ ။
Can you tell me how the accident came about?
How did it come about that he knew where we were?
ဒီ phrasal verb ကုိ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။
When you say how something comes about, you explain how it happens.
The discovery of adrenalin came about through a mistake.
How did the invitation come about?
The financial crisis came about because we got complacent, depending on all-knowing financial experts – mortgage lenders, Wall Street sharpers, the Federal Reserve- to run our system expertly.
2. along/down the line ~ (idm) (informal) at some point during an activity or a process (လုပ္ရင္းကုိင္ရင္း ။ တစ္ေလွ်ာက္လုံး။)
Somewhere along the line a large amount of money went missing.
We obviously went wrong somewhere along the line.
He’s created problems all (ie at every stage) along the line.
We’ll make a decision on that further down the line.
3. turn out to be sb/sth; turn out that…~ (phrv) ျမန္မာလုိအဓိပၸါယ္က “လက္စသတ္ေတာ့..ျဖစ္သည္။” Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs အဘိဓာန္ထဲမွာေတာ့ ဒီလုိ ရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္။
If something or someone turns out to be a particular thing, they are discovered to be that thing. နမူနာ ဝါက်ေတြအေနနဲ.
She turned out to be a friend of my sister.
It turned out that she was a friend of my sister.
The job turned out to be harder than we thought.
The Marvins’ house turned out to be an old converted barn.
Mrs Moffat had turned out to be the perfect landlady.
It turned out that the message sent to him had been intercepted.
Until finally the last expert down the line turned out to be just another greater fool, and the system crashed.
4. as it/things turned out ~ (idm) as was shown or proved by later events (ျဖစ္ခ်င္ေတာ့)
I didn’t need my umbrella, as it turned out (= because it didn’t rain).
5. cobble sth together ~ (phrv) to produce sth quickly and without great care or effort, so that it can be used but is not perfect (ရရာနွင့္ စပ္ဟပ္ျပဳလုပ္သည္ ။ လြယ္လြယ္နွင့္ ျဖစ္ကတတ္ဆန္း လုပ္သည္။) အဘိဓာန္ထဲမွာ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္။
If you cobble something together, you make or produce it roughly or quickly, by using things that are available to you.
The essay was cobbled together from some old notes.
Its author has cobbled together a guide to the islands.
He hastily cobbled together an essay from some old lecture notes.
But we can no longer abdicate judgment to them or to the system they’ve cobbled together.
6. factor sth in/ factor sth into sth ~ (phr v) (technical) to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning sth :
Remember to factor in staffing costs when you are planning the project.
It fails to factor in marginal expenditures on window-repairing, rug-cleaning, photo-processing, cell phones, sedatives.
Saturday, October 10, 2009
ဧဝံေမသုတံ (Idioms & Phrasal Verbs မွတ္စုမ်ား1)
ဒီေန.ေတာ့ ကြ်န္ေတာ္ ဘာသာျပန္ခဲ့တဲ့ 1. Emptying Pandora’s Box, 2. Real Patriots Don’t Spend နွင့္
3. Barack Obama and the Voice of God ထိ Essay ၃ ပုဒ္ထဲကေန ကြ်န္ေတာ္ထုတ္နုတ္ထားတဲ့ Idioms နွင့္ Phrasal Verbs ေတြကုိ ပဲ တစ္ခ်ဳိ.ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ေလးေတြနွင့္အတူ Post တစ္ခု အျဖစ္တင္လုိက္ပါတယ္ ။ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs နဲ. ျမန္မာစာအဖြဲ.ကထုတ္တဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္-ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္ တုိ.ကုိ ကုိးကားပါတယ္။
1. wish sth away ~ (phr v) to try to get rid of sth by wishing it did not exist (ေမ့ေပ်ာက္ ပစ္ခ်င္သည္ ။):
ဒီ phrasal verb ကုိ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။ If you wish something away, you hope to get rid of it although you do not do anything practical to remove it.
It seems unlikely that the statistical errors can be wished away.
Wishing them away won’t get rid of your problems.
These problems can’t be wished away, you know.
You can’t wish away debt with a magic wand.
2. I wish ~ (idm) (infml) used to say that sth is impossible or very unlikely, although you wish it were possible :
He’s dead and it’s no use wishing him alive again.
I wish you hadn’t told me all this.
3. take a heavy toll (on sb/sth) / take its toll (on sb/sth) ~ (idm) to have a bad effect on sb/sth; to cause a lot of damage, deaths, suffering, etc.(ထိခုိက္ေသဆုံးမႈ ျဖစ္ေပၚေစသည္ ။):
Illness had taken a heavy toll on her.
The recession is taking its toll on the housing markets.
The civil war has taken its toll on both sides.
4. reach out to sb ~ (phr v) to show sb that you are interested in them and/or want to help them: ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားတယ္ ။If you reach out to people, you give them help, advice, or comfort, or ask them for it.
His phenomenal capacity to reach out to people……
They may reach out to another person for reassurance.
The church needs to find new ways of reaching out to young people.
I’ve had countless uplifting e-mails in recent days that, in different ways, have been about a moral reorientation, a reaching out, the rediscovery of the ways in which we can be our brother’s and our sister’s keepers.
5(a). beyond the pale ~ (idm) considered by most people to be unacceptable or unreasonable: လက္မခံနုိင္ဖြယ္ ။
His remarks were clearly beyond the pale.
5(b). pale beside/next to sth/pale in/by comparison (with/to sth)/pale into insignificance ~ (idm) to seem less important when compared with sth else:
Last year’s riots pale in comparison with this latest outburst of violence.
Diana Strelow, 73, of Portsmouth, Virginia, put it this way: “My vote for Obama was and is about my hope that an intelligent, self-respecting president will lead to a renewal of civility on the part of all of us – perhaps a renewal even of the love that Americans once had for each other.”
Significant as economic anxieties were, she said, they paled beside deeper yearning.
5(c). pale beside/ in comparison with sth ~ (phrv) ေသးနုပ္သြားသည္ ။ ေသးသိမ္သြားသည္ ။ ေမွးမွိန္သြားသည္။
Investment in British Rail pales in comparison with the amount invested in continental railways.
Their other problems paled into insignificance beside this latest catastrophe.
6. tide sb over (sth) ~ (phr v) to help sb during a difficult period by providing what they need : ေလာေလာဆယ္ အက်ပ္အတည္း ေက်ာ္လႊားရန္ ။ If you give someone money or help in order to tide them over, you do it so that they can get through a period of time when they are having problems.
I only want to borrow enough to tide me over till Monday.
if you need a few dollars to tide you over……
the huge grain surpluses that helped tide the world over the 1972-74 shortages.
Can you lend me some money to tide me over until I get paid?
Only when migrating tribes learned to settle down and farm did they need to save and plan, storing seeds and surpluses to tide them over from season to season.
7. pick out ~ (phrv) 1. choose specially; 2. see among others, esp, with difficulty: ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ၂ ခုရွိပါတယ္ ။ 7(a). If you pick out someone or something when they are difficult to see or recognize, you manage to see or recognize them
See if you can pick me out in this photo.
A White House report in 1931 urged parents to let children pick out their own clothes and furniture, thereby creating in the child “a sense of personal as well as family pride in ownership, and eventually teaching him that his personality can be expressed through things.
Irene Burns picked out Meehan as one of the two men who gave her a lift. ဒီ Sentence ေတြမွာ pick out ရဲ. အဓိပၸါယ္က အမ်ားထဲမွာ ေရာေထြးေနတဲ့ အထဲကေန ခက္ခက္ခဲခဲ ရွာေဖြေတြ.မႈ ၊ မွတ္မိမႈ ဆုိတဲ့ သေဘာရွိပါတယ္ ။
7(b) If you pick out one person or thing from a group, you choose them.
He picks out a flat spot without any rocks on it.
She was picked out from dozens of applicants for the job.
He picked out the ripest peach for me. ဒီ Sentence ေတြမွာေတာ့ pick out = အမ်ားစုထဲက တစ္ခုကုိ ေရြးခ်ယ္ျခင္း ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ပါ ။
8. live up ~ (phrv) If you live it up, you have a very enjoyable and exciting time, usually spending a lot of money and dong all the things that you want to do
Next week we report to camp. We are going to live it up meanwhile.
We spent a week living it up in the luxury of the Intercontinental Hotel.
We had little chance of living it up on our meager expense accounts.
Somewhere along the way, THRIFT did not just stop being a value; it became a folly. Saving was for suckers; you’d miss the ride, die leaving money on the table when you could have lived it up.
9. resort to sth ~ (phr v) to make use of sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။ If you resort to a course of action that you do not really think is right or acceptable, you adopt it because you cannot see any other way of achieving what you want
Eventually the police resorted to CS gas to quell the rioters.
Some factions have resorted to terrorism.
If you're a casting director looking for a voice whose very timbre communicates authority, dignity, power, you might even go to Queen Latifah before you resort to Jeremy Irons.
10. above all ~ (idm) most important of all; especially :
Above all, keep in touch.
Above all, black American ministers have replaced British politicians, at least in perception, as the world's most eloquent public users of the English language.
11. knock sb off their pedestal/perch ~ (idm) to make sb lose their position as sb/sth successful or admired ျဖဳတ္ခ်သည္ ။
Our homegrown Martin Luther King Jr. has knocked Winston Churchill off his perch as the ideal.
knock the market leaders off their pedestal…
3. Barack Obama and the Voice of God ထိ Essay ၃ ပုဒ္ထဲကေန ကြ်န္ေတာ္ထုတ္နုတ္ထားတဲ့ Idioms နွင့္ Phrasal Verbs ေတြကုိ ပဲ တစ္ခ်ဳိ.ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ေလးေတြနွင့္အတူ Post တစ္ခု အျဖစ္တင္လုိက္ပါတယ္ ။ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs နဲ. ျမန္မာစာအဖြဲ.ကထုတ္တဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္-ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္ တုိ.ကုိ ကုိးကားပါတယ္။
1. wish sth away ~ (phr v) to try to get rid of sth by wishing it did not exist (ေမ့ေပ်ာက္ ပစ္ခ်င္သည္ ။):
ဒီ phrasal verb ကုိ ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။ If you wish something away, you hope to get rid of it although you do not do anything practical to remove it.
It seems unlikely that the statistical errors can be wished away.
Wishing them away won’t get rid of your problems.
These problems can’t be wished away, you know.
You can’t wish away debt with a magic wand.
2. I wish ~ (idm) (infml) used to say that sth is impossible or very unlikely, although you wish it were possible :
He’s dead and it’s no use wishing him alive again.
I wish you hadn’t told me all this.
3. take a heavy toll (on sb/sth) / take its toll (on sb/sth) ~ (idm) to have a bad effect on sb/sth; to cause a lot of damage, deaths, suffering, etc.(ထိခုိက္ေသဆုံးမႈ ျဖစ္ေပၚေစသည္ ။):
Illness had taken a heavy toll on her.
The recession is taking its toll on the housing markets.
The civil war has taken its toll on both sides.
4. reach out to sb ~ (phr v) to show sb that you are interested in them and/or want to help them: ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားတယ္ ။If you reach out to people, you give them help, advice, or comfort, or ask them for it.
His phenomenal capacity to reach out to people……
They may reach out to another person for reassurance.
The church needs to find new ways of reaching out to young people.
I’ve had countless uplifting e-mails in recent days that, in different ways, have been about a moral reorientation, a reaching out, the rediscovery of the ways in which we can be our brother’s and our sister’s keepers.
5(a). beyond the pale ~ (idm) considered by most people to be unacceptable or unreasonable: လက္မခံနုိင္ဖြယ္ ။
His remarks were clearly beyond the pale.
5(b). pale beside/next to sth/pale in/by comparison (with/to sth)/pale into insignificance ~ (idm) to seem less important when compared with sth else:
Last year’s riots pale in comparison with this latest outburst of violence.
Diana Strelow, 73, of Portsmouth, Virginia, put it this way: “My vote for Obama was and is about my hope that an intelligent, self-respecting president will lead to a renewal of civility on the part of all of us – perhaps a renewal even of the love that Americans once had for each other.”
Significant as economic anxieties were, she said, they paled beside deeper yearning.
5(c). pale beside/ in comparison with sth ~ (phrv) ေသးနုပ္သြားသည္ ။ ေသးသိမ္သြားသည္ ။ ေမွးမွိန္သြားသည္။
Investment in British Rail pales in comparison with the amount invested in continental railways.
Their other problems paled into insignificance beside this latest catastrophe.
6. tide sb over (sth) ~ (phr v) to help sb during a difficult period by providing what they need : ေလာေလာဆယ္ အက်ပ္အတည္း ေက်ာ္လႊားရန္ ။ If you give someone money or help in order to tide them over, you do it so that they can get through a period of time when they are having problems.
I only want to borrow enough to tide me over till Monday.
if you need a few dollars to tide you over……
the huge grain surpluses that helped tide the world over the 1972-74 shortages.
Can you lend me some money to tide me over until I get paid?
Only when migrating tribes learned to settle down and farm did they need to save and plan, storing seeds and surpluses to tide them over from season to season.
7. pick out ~ (phrv) 1. choose specially; 2. see among others, esp, with difficulty: ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ၂ ခုရွိပါတယ္ ။ 7(a). If you pick out someone or something when they are difficult to see or recognize, you manage to see or recognize them
See if you can pick me out in this photo.
A White House report in 1931 urged parents to let children pick out their own clothes and furniture, thereby creating in the child “a sense of personal as well as family pride in ownership, and eventually teaching him that his personality can be expressed through things.
Irene Burns picked out Meehan as one of the two men who gave her a lift. ဒီ Sentence ေတြမွာ pick out ရဲ. အဓိပၸါယ္က အမ်ားထဲမွာ ေရာေထြးေနတဲ့ အထဲကေန ခက္ခက္ခဲခဲ ရွာေဖြေတြ.မႈ ၊ မွတ္မိမႈ ဆုိတဲ့ သေဘာရွိပါတယ္ ။
7(b) If you pick out one person or thing from a group, you choose them.
He picks out a flat spot without any rocks on it.
She was picked out from dozens of applicants for the job.
He picked out the ripest peach for me. ဒီ Sentence ေတြမွာေတာ့ pick out = အမ်ားစုထဲက တစ္ခုကုိ ေရြးခ်ယ္ျခင္း ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ပါ ။
8. live up ~ (phrv) If you live it up, you have a very enjoyable and exciting time, usually spending a lot of money and dong all the things that you want to do
Next week we report to camp. We are going to live it up meanwhile.
We spent a week living it up in the luxury of the Intercontinental Hotel.
We had little chance of living it up on our meager expense accounts.
Somewhere along the way, THRIFT did not just stop being a value; it became a folly. Saving was for suckers; you’d miss the ride, die leaving money on the table when you could have lived it up.
9. resort to sth ~ (phr v) to make use of sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution ဒီလုိရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ ။ If you resort to a course of action that you do not really think is right or acceptable, you adopt it because you cannot see any other way of achieving what you want
Eventually the police resorted to CS gas to quell the rioters.
Some factions have resorted to terrorism.
If you're a casting director looking for a voice whose very timbre communicates authority, dignity, power, you might even go to Queen Latifah before you resort to Jeremy Irons.
10. above all ~ (idm) most important of all; especially :
Above all, keep in touch.
Above all, black American ministers have replaced British politicians, at least in perception, as the world's most eloquent public users of the English language.
11. knock sb off their pedestal/perch ~ (idm) to make sb lose their position as sb/sth successful or admired ျဖဳတ္ခ်သည္ ။
Our homegrown Martin Luther King Jr. has knocked Winston Churchill off his perch as the ideal.
knock the market leaders off their pedestal…
Saturday, October 3, 2009
ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရန္ ေနာက္ဆက္တြဲ
အရင္ အပတ္ကတင္ခဲ့တဲ့ ဘာသာျပန္ Essay ရဲ.မူရင္းပါ ။ တကယ္လုိ.စိတ္ဝင္စားမိလုိ.မ်ား ကြ်န္ေတာ္ဘာသာျပန္ထားတာနဲ. မူရင္းနဲ.ကုိမ်ား ယွဥ္ျပီးတုိက္ၾကည့္ခဲ့သူမ်ား ရွိမ်ားရွိခဲ့ရင္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္ဘာသာျပန္တာ ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိေရွာ္ေနလဲဆုိတာကုိ ေတြ.နုိင္ၾကပါလိမ့္မယ္ ။
Raising a Child Costs Some $221,000, Before College
By NANCY GIBBS
By NANCY GIBBS
Time (Monday, Aug. 24, 2009)
This is the time of year — second only to December, maybe — when we're reminded how much kids cost. It's nice when states suspend their sales tax for a week of back-to-school shopping, but it doesn't change the fact that somehow we have to start over in September: new sneakers, new notebooks, maybe a new lunch box, because SpongeBob is so last season. Even in hard times, economists have found, children are "recession resistant." As investments, they are living proof of irrational exuberance, a leading indicator of our loss of fiscal discipline.
BabyCenter.com offers a calculator to help determine the cost of raising a child; I wonder how great a deterrent this represents. It uses figures from an annual report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which I suppose would be the expert in growing corn — or kids. This year's report says a typical family will spend about $221,000 raising a child through age 17; that's 21% more than families spent the year I was born. Food and clothing are cheaper now, but housing and health care cost more. Turns out parents get a bulk discount: people with only one child spend 25% more per child than families with two, and by the time you have three or more, you are spending 22% less on each one.
The government can't begin to measure the hidden costs, of course, of sleep or sanity or solitude. It fails to factor in marginal expenditures on window-repairing, rug-cleaning, photo-processing, cell phones, sedatives. I'm thinking the bureaucrats have not been to a mall lately, since their tables allow about $60 a month for kids' shoes and clothes. It is true that globalization has driven apparel prices down over the years, but if you have daughters, you confront the annual phenomenon whereby the clothes shrink as the prices rise, leaving you wildly grateful for a school dress code requiring that shoulders and navels be covered.
And then, of course, there is the time spent, whose dollar figure is incalculable, though one study says it's worth more than the cash laid out. Parenthood means never really being alone, until the day the kids leave home and you're left with no idea what to do with all the time and energy you used to spend chasing after them. Maybe I'll finally learn to knit. Or cook something with more than three ingredients. Or slide the years of accumulated photographs into fresh, matching albums, the images incubating as memory to hatch as history.
The economist behind this year's report is used to hearing people marvel at how much kids cost. "I tell them children also have many benefits," he says, "so you have to keep that in mind." There are, for instance, all the things parents probably don't do as often when the kids are grown. Will we still make bonfires on the beach, collect driftwood and fairy glass, make s'mores even though no one really likes them, since marshmallows surpass superglue for stickiness? Will we still carve jack-o'-lanterns, color Easter eggs — or will holidays feel like formalities? I wonder if I'll miss Cheez Doodles and Jelly Bellies. I'm pretty sure I won't be buying them anymore.
Children cost a lot up front, but with the right management strategies, you can get a decent return on investment. Helping with homework lets you learn all the math now that you never learned then. Kids give you an excuse to work on your fastball. They're excellent bed warmers, and small fingers can untie hopeless knots. They remind you to be brave and trusting, and that few things worth accomplishing are ever achieved without making a mess first. They often say better prayers than you could ever think to. They smell really good, at least when they're clean.
And yes, they are reminders of our mortality — in fact, I know I'm going gray a lot faster than I would have had I been childless, especially now that I have a teenager. But it's a cosmic gift that, in letting us grow up with them, they keep us young, so that sometime maybe we pass each other, the student becoming the teacher, the parent the child, and we will sit back and marvel at who they've become, knowing they are now smarter and stronger than we are. We'll savor their company and feel safe in their hands. Care to put a price on that?
Notes :
exuberant ~ (adj) 1. full of energy, excitement and happiness : She gave an exuberant performance.; an exuberant personality/ imagination; a picture painted in reds and yellows
2. (of plants, etc.,) strong and healthy; growing quickly and well
This is the time of year — second only to December, maybe — when we're reminded how much kids cost. It's nice when states suspend their sales tax for a week of back-to-school shopping, but it doesn't change the fact that somehow we have to start over in September: new sneakers, new notebooks, maybe a new lunch box, because SpongeBob is so last season. Even in hard times, economists have found, children are "recession resistant." As investments, they are living proof of irrational exuberance, a leading indicator of our loss of fiscal discipline.
BabyCenter.com offers a calculator to help determine the cost of raising a child; I wonder how great a deterrent this represents. It uses figures from an annual report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which I suppose would be the expert in growing corn — or kids. This year's report says a typical family will spend about $221,000 raising a child through age 17; that's 21% more than families spent the year I was born. Food and clothing are cheaper now, but housing and health care cost more. Turns out parents get a bulk discount: people with only one child spend 25% more per child than families with two, and by the time you have three or more, you are spending 22% less on each one.
The government can't begin to measure the hidden costs, of course, of sleep or sanity or solitude. It fails to factor in marginal expenditures on window-repairing, rug-cleaning, photo-processing, cell phones, sedatives. I'm thinking the bureaucrats have not been to a mall lately, since their tables allow about $60 a month for kids' shoes and clothes. It is true that globalization has driven apparel prices down over the years, but if you have daughters, you confront the annual phenomenon whereby the clothes shrink as the prices rise, leaving you wildly grateful for a school dress code requiring that shoulders and navels be covered.
And then, of course, there is the time spent, whose dollar figure is incalculable, though one study says it's worth more than the cash laid out. Parenthood means never really being alone, until the day the kids leave home and you're left with no idea what to do with all the time and energy you used to spend chasing after them. Maybe I'll finally learn to knit. Or cook something with more than three ingredients. Or slide the years of accumulated photographs into fresh, matching albums, the images incubating as memory to hatch as history.
The economist behind this year's report is used to hearing people marvel at how much kids cost. "I tell them children also have many benefits," he says, "so you have to keep that in mind." There are, for instance, all the things parents probably don't do as often when the kids are grown. Will we still make bonfires on the beach, collect driftwood and fairy glass, make s'mores even though no one really likes them, since marshmallows surpass superglue for stickiness? Will we still carve jack-o'-lanterns, color Easter eggs — or will holidays feel like formalities? I wonder if I'll miss Cheez Doodles and Jelly Bellies. I'm pretty sure I won't be buying them anymore.
Children cost a lot up front, but with the right management strategies, you can get a decent return on investment. Helping with homework lets you learn all the math now that you never learned then. Kids give you an excuse to work on your fastball. They're excellent bed warmers, and small fingers can untie hopeless knots. They remind you to be brave and trusting, and that few things worth accomplishing are ever achieved without making a mess first. They often say better prayers than you could ever think to. They smell really good, at least when they're clean.
And yes, they are reminders of our mortality — in fact, I know I'm going gray a lot faster than I would have had I been childless, especially now that I have a teenager. But it's a cosmic gift that, in letting us grow up with them, they keep us young, so that sometime maybe we pass each other, the student becoming the teacher, the parent the child, and we will sit back and marvel at who they've become, knowing they are now smarter and stronger than we are. We'll savor their company and feel safe in their hands. Care to put a price on that?
Notes :
exuberant ~ (adj) 1. full of energy, excitement and happiness : She gave an exuberant performance.; an exuberant personality/ imagination; a picture painted in reds and yellows
2. (of plants, etc.,) strong and healthy; growing quickly and well
be living proof of sth/that ~ (idm) to show by your actions or qualities that a particular fact is true: He is living proof that not all engineers are boring. These figures are living proof of their incompetence.
factor sth in/ factor sth into sth ~ (phr v) (technical) to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning sth : Remember to factor in staffing costs when you are planning the project.
whereby ~ (adv) (formal) by which; because of which : They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training. a new system whereby all staff have to carry identification cards.
marvel at sth ~ (v) to be very surprised or impressed by sth: Everyone marveled at his courage.
jack-o’-lantern ~ (n) a pumpkin(a large orange vegetable) with a face cut into it and a candle put inside to shine through the holes
Easter eggs are specially decorated eggs given to celebrate the Easter holiday or springtime
up front ~ (adv) as an initial investment, beginning capital, or an advance payment: They’ll need a half-million dollars up-front before opening the business.
fastball ~ (n) (in baseball) a ball that is thrown at the pitcher’s fastest speed
have~ Had I known that (ie If I had known that) I would never have come.
Saturday, September 19, 2009
ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရန္ ေဒၚလာ နွစ္သိန္းနွစ္ေသာင္း တစ္ေထာင္မွ် ကုန္က်သည္
၂၀၀၉ ခုနွစ္ ဩဂုတ္လ ၂၄ ရက္ေန.ထုတ္ Time မဂၢဇင္းမွာ ပါတဲ့ Nancy Gibbs ရဲ. Raising a Child Costs Some $221,000 Before College ဆုိတဲ့ Essay ေလးကုိ ဘာသာျပန္ထားတာပါ ။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ရဲ. တန္ဖုိးကုိ သိလာေစနုိင္တဲ့ ၊ မိခင္တစ္ေယာက္ရဲ. ရႈေထာင့္ကေန ေရးထားတဲ့ ခ်စ္စရာေကာင္းတဲ့ Essay ေလးပါ ။ မူရင္း စာေရးဆရာရဲ. Essay ကေတာ့ ေကာင္းမွေကာင္း ဆုိတဲ့ထဲကပါပဲ။ ဘာသာျပန္ကုိ ဖတ္ၾကည္ျပီး စိတ္တုိင္းမက်ခဲ့ၾကရင္ ကြ်န္ေတာ့္မွာပဲ တာဝန္ရွိပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒီဘာသာျပန္ Essay ေလးနဲ. မိခင္ရဲ. ဂုဏ္ေက်းဇူးကုိ ပူေဇာ္ကန္ေတာ့ မိပါတယ္ ။
နွစ္တစ္နွစ္၏ ယခုလုိအခ်ိန္သည္ (ဒီဇင္ဘာေရာက္ရန္ ၂လတာမွ်သာလုိေတာ့သည္) ကေလးမ်ား၏ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ မည္မွ်ရွိေၾကာင္း သတိေပးသည့္ အခ်ိန္ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ ျပည္နယ္အစုိးရတုိ.က ေက်ာင္းျပန္ဖြင့္ခ်ိန္ ေဈးဝယ္ကာလ တစ္ပတ္အတြက္ အေရာင္းခြန္မ်ားကုိ ဆုိင္းငံ့ထားျခင္းမွာ အဆင္ေျပေသာ္လည္း စက္တင္ဘာလဆုိလွ်င္ ရႈးဖိနပ္အသစ္ ၊ မွတ္စုစာအုပ္အသစ္ ၊ ျဖစ္နုိင္လွ်င္ ထမင္းဘူးအသစ္ စသည္ျဖင့္ ျပန္လည္၍ ဝယ္ရေတာ့မည္ ဆုိသည့္အခ်က္မ်ားကုိေတာ့ျဖင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲမသြားေစနုိင္ပါ ။ ကေလးမ်ားသည္ ခက္ခဲက်ပ္တည္းလွသည့္ အခ်ိန္မ်ားမွာပင္ “စီးပြါးေရးက်ဆင္းမႈကုိ ခံနုိင္စြမ္းရွိေၾကာင္း” စီးပြါးေရးပညာရွင္တုိ. ေတြ.ရွိလာၾကပါသည္ ။ ရင္းနွီးျမႈပ္နွံမႈ အေနျဖင့္ ဆုိပါက သူတုိ.သည္ ယုတၱိမတန္ေသာ စိတ္လႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ား၏ ခုိင္လုံေသာ သက္ေသအေထာက္အထားတစ္ခု ၊ ေငြေၾကးနွင့္ ပက္သက္သည့္ စည္းကမ္းမ်ားကုိ ခ်ဳိးဖ်က္မိေစသည့္ ျပယုတ္တစ္ခု ျဖစ္သည္ ။
ေဘဘီစင္တာေဒါ့ကြမ္းတြင္ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္သည့္ စားရိတ္မည္မွ်ကုန္က်သည္ကုိ ခန္.မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္သည့္ ဂဏန္းတြက္စက္တစ္ခု ထည့္သြင္းထားသည္ ။ ထုိစက္ကေလးက ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိမ်ား အဟန္.အတား ျဖစ္ေစပါသနည္း ဆုိသည္ကုိေတာ့ သိခ်င္စမ္းလွပါသည္ ။ ထုိဂဏန္းတြက္စက္တြင္ တြက္ခ်က္ထားသည့္ ကိန္းဂဏန္းမ်ားမွာ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု စုိက္ပ်ဳိးေရး႒ါနမွ ထုတ္ျပန္သည့္ နွစ္စဥ္အစီရင္ခံစာကုိ အေျခခံ၍ တြက္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ၊ ထုိ႒ါနသည္ ဂ်ဳံစုိက္ပ်ဳိးမႈ သုိ.မဟုတ္လ်င္လည္း ကေလးျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္မႈ ကြ်မ္းက်င္သည့္႒ါနတစ္ခု ျဖစ္လိမ့္မည္ဟု ထင္ပါသည္ ။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ တစ္ဆယ့္ခုနွစ္နွစ္ အရြယ္ေရာက္သည္အထိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရန္အတြက္ ပုံမွန္မိသားစုတစ္ခုသည္ ေဒၚလာ နွစ္သိန္းနွစ္ေသာင္းတစ္ေထာင္မွ် သုံးစြဲေၾကာင္း ယခုနွစ္အစီရင္ခံစာက ဆုိထားသည္ ။ ထုိပမာဏမွာ ကြ်န္မကုိ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့စဥ္ကထက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္တစ္ ရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိပါသည္ ။ ယခုေခတ္တြင္ အစားအေသာက္နွင့္ အဝတ္အစားမ်ားမွာ ေဈးသက္သာေသာ္လည္း အုိးအိမ္နွင့္ က်န္းမာေရးစားရိတ္မ်ားက ပုိ၍ေဈးၾကီးလာပါသည္ ။ ဤသည္မွာ မိဘမ်ားအတြက္ ေလွ်ာ့ေဈးအၾကီးအက်ယ္ ရလုိက္သည့္နွယ္ျဖစ္သည္ ။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ မိသားစုသည္ ကေလးနွစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ မိသားစုထက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္ငါးရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိ၍သုံးစြဲျပီး သင့္တြင္ကေလးသုံးေယာက္ သုိ.မဟုတ္ ထုိ.ထက္ပုိ၍ ရွိပါက သင္သည္ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ခ်င္းစီအတြက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္နွစ္ ရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိ၍သက္သာသြားပါသည္ ။
အစိုးရသည္ အိပ္စက္ျခင္း ၊ စိတ္နွလုံး ၾကည္လင္ျခင္း ၊ အထီးက်န္ျခင္း စသည့္ မျမင္သာသည့္ စာရင္းေပ်ာက္ တန္ဖုိးတုိ.ကုိ ထည့္၍ မတြက္နုိင္ေသးပါ ။ ျပတင္းေပါက္မ်ားကုိ ျပဳျပင္ရျခင္း ၊ ဓာတ္ပုံကူးရျခင္း ၊ လက္ကုိင္ဖုန္းခ ၊ စိတ္ျငိမ္ေဆးဖုိး အစရွိသည့္ အေသးသုံး ကုန္က်စားရိတ္တုိ.ကုိ ထည့္သြင္းတြက္ခ်က္ရန္လုိပါေသးသည္ ။ အစုိးရ၏ စာရင္းဇယားတြင္ ကေလး၏ အဝတ္အစားနွင့္ ရႈးဖိနပ္ဖုိးအတြက္ တစ္လလွ်င္ ေဒၚလာေျခာက္ဆယ္မွ် သုံးစြဲေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္ ၊ ၾကည့္ရသည္မွာ အရာရွိမင္းတုိ.သည္ ယခုလတ္တေလာကာလအတြင္း ေဈးဝယ္ထြက္ျဖစ္ပုံမရပါ ။ ဂလုိဘယ္လုိက္ေဇးရွင္းသည္ အဝတ္အစားေဈးနႈန္းတုိ.ကုိ က်ဆင္းသြားေစသည္မွာ အမွန္ပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ သုိ.ေသာ္ သင့္တြင္သမီးမ်ားရွိပါက နွစ္စဥ္နွစ္တုိင္း ၾကဳံေတြ.ေနၾကျဖစ္သည့္ ေဈးနႈန္းၾကီးလာသည္နွင့္အမွ် အဝတ္အစားတုိ. ေသးက်ဳံ.လာသည့္ ျဖစ္ရပ္နွင့္ ရင္ဆုိင္ေတြ.ရဖုိ.ရွိပါသည္ ။ ပုခုံးနွင့္ခ်က္ကုိ လုံျခဳံစြာ ကာကြယ္ဖုံးအုပ္ထားရမည္ဟု သတ္မွတ္ထားသည့္ ေက်ာင္းဝတ္စုံစည္းကမ္းကုိသာ အၾကီးအက်ယ္ေက်းဇူးတင္ ရေပေတာ့သည္ ။
ဒါတြင္မကေသးပါ ေပးလုိက္ရသည့္ အခ်ိန္တုိ.လည္း ရွိပါေသးသည္ ။ ေလ့လာမႈတစ္ခုက ေငြေၾကးထက္ပုိ၍ တန္ဖုိးၾကီးမားသည္ဟု ဆုိေသာ္လည္း ထုိအခ်ိန္တုိ.ကုိ ေငြေၾကးျဖင့္ တြက္၍ ရနုိင္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ ။ မိဘဘဝဆုိသည္မွာ ဘယ္ေသာအခါမွ ထီးတည္းမဟုတ္ပါ ။ ကေလးတုိ.အိမ္ကုိစြန္.ခြါထြက္သြား၍ သူတုိ.ကုိ ထိန္းေက်ာင္းျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရာတြင္ သုံးစြဲလုိက္ရသည့္ အခ်ိန္နွင့္အင္အားတုိ.အတြက္ မည္သုိ.ေရွ.ဆက္ရမည္ကုိ မသိနုိင္ေတာ့သည့္ ေန.အထိတုိင္ မိဘတုိ.၏ဘဝသည္ ထီးတည္းမဟုတ္ပါ ။ ကြ်န္မသည္ ေနာက္ဆုံးတြင္ သုိးေမႊးထိုးနည္းကုိ သင္ယူေကာင္းသင္ယူ ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ သုိ.မဟုတ္ အနည္းဆုံး အမယ္သုံးမ်ဳိးပါသည့္ဟင္းကုိ ခ်က္မိပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ သုိ.မဟုတ္လွ်င္လည္း နွစ္စဥ္နွစ္တုိင္း ရုိက္ကူးလာခဲ့သည့္ သူတို.ေလးေတြ၏ ဓာတ္ပုံတုိ.ကုိ ျပန္လွန္ၾကည့္၍ အယ္လဘမ္အတြင္းသုိ. အစီအစဥ္အတုိင္း ျပန္၍ ထည့္သြင္းေကာင္းထည့္သြင္း မိပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ ပုံရိပ္တုိ.က မွတ္ဥာဏ္ကုိ သမုိင္းအျဖစ္ ျပန္လည္၍ ေႏြးေထြးလာေစပါသည္ ။
ယခုနွစ္ အစီရင္ခံစာကုိ ျပဳစုသည့္ စီးပြါးေရးပညာရွင္သည္ ကေလးစားရိတ္မည္မွ်ကုန္က်ေၾကာင္း လူေတြတအံ့တဩ ေျပာၾကဆုိၾကသည္ကုိ အကြ်မ္းတဝင္ရွိေနပုံရပါသည္ ။ “ကေလးေတြနဲ.ပတ္သက္တဲ့ အက်ဳိးေက်းဇူးေတြလည္း အမ်ားၾကီး ရွိပါတယ္ ၊ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ အဲဒီအခ်က္ကုိလည္း ထည့္ျပီးစဥ္းစားရမယ္လုိ. ကြ်န္ေတာ္က မိဘေတြကုိ ေျပာျပပါတယ္” ဟု သူကဆုိပါသည္ ။ ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ ဆုိပါက ကေလးတုိ.ၾကီးျပင္းလာသည္နွင့္အမွ် မိဘတုိ.မျပဳလုပ္ေတာ့သည့္ အေလ့အထတုိ. ရွိပါသည္ ။ ပင္လယ္ကမ္းေျခသုိ.သြားကာ မီးပုံပြဲလုပ္ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ေရထဲတြင္ေမ်ာပါလာသည့္ သစ္တုိသစ္စတုိ.ကုိ ဆယ္ယူၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ မည္သူမွ်မၾကဳိက္ၾကေသာ မာ့ရွ္မဲလုိး မီးကင္တုိ.ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ဂ်က္အုိမီးအိမ္တုိ.ကုိ ထြင္းထုေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ အီစတာၾကက္ဥတုိ.ကုိ ေဆးေရာင္ခ်ယ္သ ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ သုိ.တည္းမဟုတ္ အားလပ္ရက္ရွည္မ်ားကုိ ပုံမွန္အတုိင္းပင္ အလည္အပတ္ ခရီးထြက္ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ခ်ိစ္ဒူးဒယ္နွင့္ ဂ်ယ္လီဘယ္လီတုိ.ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့တသ ေနပါဦးမည္ေလာ ဆုိသည္ကုိ ကြ်န္မ သိခ်င္လွပါသည္ ။ ကြ်န္မအတြက္ေတာ့မူ ၎တုိ.ကုိ ေနာက္ထပ္ ဝယ္ယူေတာ့မည္ မဟုတ္သည္မွာ ေသခ်ာလွပါသည္ ။
ကေလးမ်ားသည္ အစဦးေနျဖင့္ အကုန္အက် မ်ားျပားပါသည္ ၊ သုိ.ေသာ္ မွန္ကန္စြာ စီမံခန္.ခြဲပါက သင္၏ရင္းနွီးျမႈပ္နွံမႈအတြက္ သင့္တင့္ေလွ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ အက်ဳိးအျမတ္တုိ. ျပန္ရနုိင္ပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.၏ အိမ္စာမ်ားကုိ ကူညီေျဖရွင္းေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ သင္မေလ့လာေတာ့သည္မွာၾကာျပီျဖစ္သည့္ ဂဏန္းသခၤ်ာတုိ.ကုိ ျပန္လည္၍ေလ့လာ မိေစပါသည္ ။ ကေလးငယ္တုိ.က သင့္ကုိ လွ်င္ျမန္သြက္လက္စြာ လုပ္ကုိင္တတ္လာေစပါသည္ ။ သူတို.သည္ အိပ္ယာေပၚတြင္ အေႏြးဓာတ္ကုိ အေကာင္းဆုံးေပးနုိင္ၾကသည္ ၊ သူတုိ.၏ ေသးငယ္သည့္ လက္ေခ်ာင္းေလးမ်ားသည္ ဘယ္လုိမွ ျဖည္၍ရနုိင္ဖြယ္မရွိသည့္ ၾကဳိးထုံးတုိ.ကုိ ျဖည္နုိင္စြမ္းရွိၾကပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ သင့္ကုိ သတၱိပုိရွိလာေစျပီး ယုံၾကည္စိတ္ရွိလာေစရန္ သတိေပးနုိင္စြမ္းလည္း ရွိၾကပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ သင္ထင္ထားသည္ထက္ပုိ၍ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ ဘုရားရွိခုိး ဆုမြန္မ်ား ေတာင္းတတ္ၾကပါေသးသည္ ။ သူတုိ.၏ ကုိယ္နံ.ေလးမွာ ေမႊးလွပါသည္ (အနည္းဆုံးေတာ့ သူတုိ. သန္.သန္.ရွင္းရွင္း ရွိေနခ်ိန္ေတြမွာေပါ့ေလ ။)
သူတုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္မတုိ.၏ အုိမင္းရင့္ေရာ္လာမႈကုိလည္း သတိျပဳလာေစပါသည္ ။ ကေလးသာမရွိပါက ကြ်န္မ၏ဆံပင္တုိ.သည္ ယခုထက္ပုိ၍ အျဖဴျမန္လာမည္ကုိ ကြ်န္မသိေနပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.နွင့္အတူ ေနထုိင္၍ ဘဝကုိ ျဖတ္သန္းၾကီးျပင္းရသည္မွာ အလြန္ပင္ၾကီးက်ယ္ေသာ ဆုလာဘ္တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.က ကြ်န္မတုိ.ကုိ နုပ်ဳိလန္းဆန္းေစသည္ ၊ တစ္ေယာက္ကုိ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖတ္သြားသည့္နွယ္ပင္ျဖစ္သည္ ။ ေက်ာင္းသားက ဆရာျဖစ္သြားသည္ ၊ မိဘက ကေလးျဖစ္သြားသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္မတုိ.ထက္ပုိ၍ စမတ္က်ကာ ပုိ၍ ၾကံ.ခုိင္ေတာင့္တင္း လာပုံတုိ.ကုိ ၾကည့္ကာ ၊သူတုိ.မည္သုိ.မည္ပုံ ရင့္က်က္လာပုံတုိ.ကုိ တအံ့တဩ ျဖစ္ရပါသည္။ ကြ်န္မတုိ.သည္ သူတုိ.နွင့္ အတူတူ ေနထုိင္ရသည္ကုိ တစိမ့္စိမ့္ အရသာခံနုိင္လာ၍ သူတုိ.၏ လက္တြင္ ေနထုိင္ရသည္မွာ စိတ္ခ်လုံျခဳံမႈကုိ ခံစားနုိင္ၾကပါသည္ ။ ဤတန္ဖုိးတုိ.ကုိလည္း ထည့္တြက္ရန္ေမ့မေနေစခ်င္ပါ ။
(August 24, 2009 ခုနွစ္ထုတ္ Time မဂၢဇင္းမွ Nancy Gibbs ၏ Raising a Child Costs Some $221,000 Before College ကုိ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိထားပါသည္ ။)
ေဘဘီစင္တာေဒါ့ကြမ္းတြင္ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္သည့္ စားရိတ္မည္မွ်ကုန္က်သည္ကုိ ခန္.မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္သည့္ ဂဏန္းတြက္စက္တစ္ခု ထည့္သြင္းထားသည္ ။ ထုိစက္ကေလးက ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိမ်ား အဟန္.အတား ျဖစ္ေစပါသနည္း ဆုိသည္ကုိေတာ့ သိခ်င္စမ္းလွပါသည္ ။ ထုိဂဏန္းတြက္စက္တြင္ တြက္ခ်က္ထားသည့္ ကိန္းဂဏန္းမ်ားမွာ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု စုိက္ပ်ဳိးေရး႒ါနမွ ထုတ္ျပန္သည့္ နွစ္စဥ္အစီရင္ခံစာကုိ အေျခခံ၍ တြက္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ၊ ထုိ႒ါနသည္ ဂ်ဳံစုိက္ပ်ဳိးမႈ သုိ.မဟုတ္လ်င္လည္း ကေလးျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္မႈ ကြ်မ္းက်င္သည့္႒ါနတစ္ခု ျဖစ္လိမ့္မည္ဟု ထင္ပါသည္ ။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ တစ္ဆယ့္ခုနွစ္နွစ္ အရြယ္ေရာက္သည္အထိ ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရန္အတြက္ ပုံမွန္မိသားစုတစ္ခုသည္ ေဒၚလာ နွစ္သိန္းနွစ္ေသာင္းတစ္ေထာင္မွ် သုံးစြဲေၾကာင္း ယခုနွစ္အစီရင္ခံစာက ဆုိထားသည္ ။ ထုိပမာဏမွာ ကြ်န္မကုိ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့စဥ္ကထက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္တစ္ ရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိပါသည္ ။ ယခုေခတ္တြင္ အစားအေသာက္နွင့္ အဝတ္အစားမ်ားမွာ ေဈးသက္သာေသာ္လည္း အုိးအိမ္နွင့္ က်န္းမာေရးစားရိတ္မ်ားက ပုိ၍ေဈးၾကီးလာပါသည္ ။ ဤသည္မွာ မိဘမ်ားအတြက္ ေလွ်ာ့ေဈးအၾကီးအက်ယ္ ရလုိက္သည့္နွယ္ျဖစ္သည္ ။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ မိသားစုသည္ ကေလးနွစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ မိသားစုထက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္ငါးရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိ၍သုံးစြဲျပီး သင့္တြင္ကေလးသုံးေယာက္ သုိ.မဟုတ္ ထုိ.ထက္ပုိ၍ ရွိပါက သင္သည္ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ခ်င္းစီအတြက္ နွစ္ဆယ့္နွစ္ ရာခုိင္နႈန္းမွ် ပုိ၍သက္သာသြားပါသည္ ။
အစိုးရသည္ အိပ္စက္ျခင္း ၊ စိတ္နွလုံး ၾကည္လင္ျခင္း ၊ အထီးက်န္ျခင္း စသည့္ မျမင္သာသည့္ စာရင္းေပ်ာက္ တန္ဖုိးတုိ.ကုိ ထည့္၍ မတြက္နုိင္ေသးပါ ။ ျပတင္းေပါက္မ်ားကုိ ျပဳျပင္ရျခင္း ၊ ဓာတ္ပုံကူးရျခင္း ၊ လက္ကုိင္ဖုန္းခ ၊ စိတ္ျငိမ္ေဆးဖုိး အစရွိသည့္ အေသးသုံး ကုန္က်စားရိတ္တုိ.ကုိ ထည့္သြင္းတြက္ခ်က္ရန္လုိပါေသးသည္ ။ အစုိးရ၏ စာရင္းဇယားတြင္ ကေလး၏ အဝတ္အစားနွင့္ ရႈးဖိနပ္ဖုိးအတြက္ တစ္လလွ်င္ ေဒၚလာေျခာက္ဆယ္မွ် သုံးစြဲေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္ ၊ ၾကည့္ရသည္မွာ အရာရွိမင္းတုိ.သည္ ယခုလတ္တေလာကာလအတြင္း ေဈးဝယ္ထြက္ျဖစ္ပုံမရပါ ။ ဂလုိဘယ္လုိက္ေဇးရွင္းသည္ အဝတ္အစားေဈးနႈန္းတုိ.ကုိ က်ဆင္းသြားေစသည္မွာ အမွန္ပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ သုိ.ေသာ္ သင့္တြင္သမီးမ်ားရွိပါက နွစ္စဥ္နွစ္တုိင္း ၾကဳံေတြ.ေနၾကျဖစ္သည့္ ေဈးနႈန္းၾကီးလာသည္နွင့္အမွ် အဝတ္အစားတုိ. ေသးက်ဳံ.လာသည့္ ျဖစ္ရပ္နွင့္ ရင္ဆုိင္ေတြ.ရဖုိ.ရွိပါသည္ ။ ပုခုံးနွင့္ခ်က္ကုိ လုံျခဳံစြာ ကာကြယ္ဖုံးအုပ္ထားရမည္ဟု သတ္မွတ္ထားသည့္ ေက်ာင္းဝတ္စုံစည္းကမ္းကုိသာ အၾကီးအက်ယ္ေက်းဇူးတင္ ရေပေတာ့သည္ ။
ဒါတြင္မကေသးပါ ေပးလုိက္ရသည့္ အခ်ိန္တုိ.လည္း ရွိပါေသးသည္ ။ ေလ့လာမႈတစ္ခုက ေငြေၾကးထက္ပုိ၍ တန္ဖုိးၾကီးမားသည္ဟု ဆုိေသာ္လည္း ထုိအခ်ိန္တုိ.ကုိ ေငြေၾကးျဖင့္ တြက္၍ ရနုိင္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ ။ မိဘဘဝဆုိသည္မွာ ဘယ္ေသာအခါမွ ထီးတည္းမဟုတ္ပါ ။ ကေလးတုိ.အိမ္ကုိစြန္.ခြါထြက္သြား၍ သူတုိ.ကုိ ထိန္းေက်ာင္းျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္ရာတြင္ သုံးစြဲလုိက္ရသည့္ အခ်ိန္နွင့္အင္အားတုိ.အတြက္ မည္သုိ.ေရွ.ဆက္ရမည္ကုိ မသိနုိင္ေတာ့သည့္ ေန.အထိတုိင္ မိဘတုိ.၏ဘဝသည္ ထီးတည္းမဟုတ္ပါ ။ ကြ်န္မသည္ ေနာက္ဆုံးတြင္ သုိးေမႊးထိုးနည္းကုိ သင္ယူေကာင္းသင္ယူ ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ သုိ.မဟုတ္ အနည္းဆုံး အမယ္သုံးမ်ဳိးပါသည့္ဟင္းကုိ ခ်က္မိပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ သုိ.မဟုတ္လွ်င္လည္း နွစ္စဥ္နွစ္တုိင္း ရုိက္ကူးလာခဲ့သည့္ သူတို.ေလးေတြ၏ ဓာတ္ပုံတုိ.ကုိ ျပန္လွန္ၾကည့္၍ အယ္လဘမ္အတြင္းသုိ. အစီအစဥ္အတုိင္း ျပန္၍ ထည့္သြင္းေကာင္းထည့္သြင္း မိပါလိမ့္မည္ ။ ပုံရိပ္တုိ.က မွတ္ဥာဏ္ကုိ သမုိင္းအျဖစ္ ျပန္လည္၍ ေႏြးေထြးလာေစပါသည္ ။
ယခုနွစ္ အစီရင္ခံစာကုိ ျပဳစုသည့္ စီးပြါးေရးပညာရွင္သည္ ကေလးစားရိတ္မည္မွ်ကုန္က်ေၾကာင္း လူေတြတအံ့တဩ ေျပာၾကဆုိၾကသည္ကုိ အကြ်မ္းတဝင္ရွိေနပုံရပါသည္ ။ “ကေလးေတြနဲ.ပတ္သက္တဲ့ အက်ဳိးေက်းဇူးေတြလည္း အမ်ားၾကီး ရွိပါတယ္ ၊ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ အဲဒီအခ်က္ကုိလည္း ထည့္ျပီးစဥ္းစားရမယ္လုိ. ကြ်န္ေတာ္က မိဘေတြကုိ ေျပာျပပါတယ္” ဟု သူကဆုိပါသည္ ။ ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ ဆုိပါက ကေလးတုိ.ၾကီးျပင္းလာသည္နွင့္အမွ် မိဘတုိ.မျပဳလုပ္ေတာ့သည့္ အေလ့အထတုိ. ရွိပါသည္ ။ ပင္လယ္ကမ္းေျခသုိ.သြားကာ မီးပုံပြဲလုပ္ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ေရထဲတြင္ေမ်ာပါလာသည့္ သစ္တုိသစ္စတုိ.ကုိ ဆယ္ယူၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ မည္သူမွ်မၾကဳိက္ၾကေသာ မာ့ရွ္မဲလုိး မီးကင္တုိ.ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ဂ်က္အုိမီးအိမ္တုိ.ကုိ ထြင္းထုေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ အီစတာၾကက္ဥတုိ.ကုိ ေဆးေရာင္ခ်ယ္သ ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ သုိ.တည္းမဟုတ္ အားလပ္ရက္ရွည္မ်ားကုိ ပုံမွန္အတုိင္းပင္ အလည္အပတ္ ခရီးထြက္ေနၾကပါဦးမည္ေလာ ။ ခ်ိစ္ဒူးဒယ္နွင့္ ဂ်ယ္လီဘယ္လီတုိ.ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့တသ ေနပါဦးမည္ေလာ ဆုိသည္ကုိ ကြ်န္မ သိခ်င္လွပါသည္ ။ ကြ်န္မအတြက္ေတာ့မူ ၎တုိ.ကုိ ေနာက္ထပ္ ဝယ္ယူေတာ့မည္ မဟုတ္သည္မွာ ေသခ်ာလွပါသည္ ။
ကေလးမ်ားသည္ အစဦးေနျဖင့္ အကုန္အက် မ်ားျပားပါသည္ ၊ သုိ.ေသာ္ မွန္ကန္စြာ စီမံခန္.ခြဲပါက သင္၏ရင္းနွီးျမႈပ္နွံမႈအတြက္ သင့္တင့္ေလွ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ အက်ဳိးအျမတ္တုိ. ျပန္ရနုိင္ပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.၏ အိမ္စာမ်ားကုိ ကူညီေျဖရွင္းေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ သင္မေလ့လာေတာ့သည္မွာၾကာျပီျဖစ္သည့္ ဂဏန္းသခၤ်ာတုိ.ကုိ ျပန္လည္၍ေလ့လာ မိေစပါသည္ ။ ကေလးငယ္တုိ.က သင့္ကုိ လွ်င္ျမန္သြက္လက္စြာ လုပ္ကုိင္တတ္လာေစပါသည္ ။ သူတို.သည္ အိပ္ယာေပၚတြင္ အေႏြးဓာတ္ကုိ အေကာင္းဆုံးေပးနုိင္ၾကသည္ ၊ သူတုိ.၏ ေသးငယ္သည့္ လက္ေခ်ာင္းေလးမ်ားသည္ ဘယ္လုိမွ ျဖည္၍ရနုိင္ဖြယ္မရွိသည့္ ၾကဳိးထုံးတုိ.ကုိ ျဖည္နုိင္စြမ္းရွိၾကပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ သင့္ကုိ သတၱိပုိရွိလာေစျပီး ယုံၾကည္စိတ္ရွိလာေစရန္ သတိေပးနုိင္စြမ္းလည္း ရွိၾကပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ သင္ထင္ထားသည္ထက္ပုိ၍ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ ဘုရားရွိခုိး ဆုမြန္မ်ား ေတာင္းတတ္ၾကပါေသးသည္ ။ သူတုိ.၏ ကုိယ္နံ.ေလးမွာ ေမႊးလွပါသည္ (အနည္းဆုံးေတာ့ သူတုိ. သန္.သန္.ရွင္းရွင္း ရွိေနခ်ိန္ေတြမွာေပါ့ေလ ။)
သူတုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္မတုိ.၏ အုိမင္းရင့္ေရာ္လာမႈကုိလည္း သတိျပဳလာေစပါသည္ ။ ကေလးသာမရွိပါက ကြ်န္မ၏ဆံပင္တုိ.သည္ ယခုထက္ပုိ၍ အျဖဴျမန္လာမည္ကုိ ကြ်န္မသိေနပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.နွင့္အတူ ေနထုိင္၍ ဘဝကုိ ျဖတ္သန္းၾကီးျပင္းရသည္မွာ အလြန္ပင္ၾကီးက်ယ္ေသာ ဆုလာဘ္တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ သူတုိ.က ကြ်န္မတုိ.ကုိ နုပ်ဳိလန္းဆန္းေစသည္ ၊ တစ္ေယာက္ကုိ တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖတ္သြားသည့္နွယ္ပင္ျဖစ္သည္ ။ ေက်ာင္းသားက ဆရာျဖစ္သြားသည္ ၊ မိဘက ကေလးျဖစ္သြားသည္ ။ သူတုိ.သည္ ကြ်န္မတုိ.ထက္ပုိ၍ စမတ္က်ကာ ပုိ၍ ၾကံ.ခုိင္ေတာင့္တင္း လာပုံတုိ.ကုိ ၾကည့္ကာ ၊သူတုိ.မည္သုိ.မည္ပုံ ရင့္က်က္လာပုံတုိ.ကုိ တအံ့တဩ ျဖစ္ရပါသည္။ ကြ်န္မတုိ.သည္ သူတုိ.နွင့္ အတူတူ ေနထုိင္ရသည္ကုိ တစိမ့္စိမ့္ အရသာခံနုိင္လာ၍ သူတုိ.၏ လက္တြင္ ေနထုိင္ရသည္မွာ စိတ္ခ်လုံျခဳံမႈကုိ ခံစားနုိင္ၾကပါသည္ ။ ဤတန္ဖုိးတုိ.ကုိလည္း ထည့္တြက္ရန္ေမ့မေနေစခ်င္ပါ ။
(August 24, 2009 ခုနွစ္ထုတ္ Time မဂၢဇင္းမွ Nancy Gibbs ၏ Raising a Child Costs Some $221,000 Before College ကုိ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိထားပါသည္ ။)
Sunday, September 13, 2009
ဖတ္မိသမွ်ေလးေတြ ( get)
Get ကုိ Spoken English မွာ အသုံးမ်ားၾကပါတယ္ ။ Informal ျဖစ္ျပီး Writing မွာေတာ့ မသုံးၾကပါဘူး ။
သူ.ရဲ.ေနာက္မွာရွိေနတဲ့ စကားလုံးအေပၚမူတည္ျပီး အဓိပၸါယ္ေတြလည္း လုိက္ျပီးေျပာင္းလဲသြားပါသတဲ့ ။
1. get + noun/pronoun
သူ.ရဲ.ေနာက္မွာရွိေနတဲ့ စကားလုံးအေပၚမူတည္ျပီး အဓိပၸါယ္ေတြလည္း လုိက္ျပီးေျပာင္းလဲသြားပါသတဲ့ ။
1. get + noun/pronoun
ဒီပုံစံမွာေတာ့ get ရဲ. အဓိပၸါယ္က ‘receive’, ‘fetch’, ‘obtain’ စတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ေတြ ရွိပါသတဲံ ။
I got a letter from Lusy this morning.
Can you come and get me from the station when I arrive?
I’m going out to get some bread.
2. get + adjective
get ရဲ. အဓိပၸါယ္ ‘become’ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ။
As you get old your memory gets worse.
My feet are getting cold.
get + object + adjective (=’make something become…..’ ) လုိ. အဓိပၸါယ္ရပါသတဲ့ ။
I can’t get my hands warm.
We must get the house clean before Mother arrives.
3. get + adverb particle or preposition
up, away, out စတဲ့ adverb particle ေတြရဲ. ေရွ.မွာဆုိရင္ေတာ့ get ဟာ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ movement ကုိ ျပပါသတဲ့ ။
I often get up at five o’clock.
I went to see him, but he told me to get out.
Would you mind getting off my foot?
အဲဒီ Structure ကုိ ဘဲ Object နဲ. ယွဥ္တြဲျပီးသုံးရင္ေတာ့ somebody / something ကုိ move လုပ္ခိုင္းတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ ရွိပါတယ္ ။
You can’t get her out of the bedroom in the morning.
Would you mind getting your papers off my desk?
Have you ever tried to get toothpaste back into the tube?
4. get (+ object) + verb-form
4 (a) get + object + infinitive
I can’t get the car to start.
4 (b) get + object + -ing
Don’t get him talking about his illnesses, please.
ေအာက္က Sentence ေတြမွာေတာ့ get + infinitive structure ဟာ တစ္စုံတစ္ဦးကုိ တစ္ခုခု ျပဳလုပ္ရန္ စြဲေဆာင္ျခင္းဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ ရွိပါတယ္ ။
Get John to help us ,if you can.
I can’t get that child to go to bed.
5. get + object + past participle ဆုိတဲ့ Structure ကေတာ့ ျပဳလုပ္ဖုိ.ရန္ရွိတဲ့ အလုပ္ေတြကုိ စီစဥ္ျခင္း ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ ရွိပါသတဲ့ ။ Passive Meaning ပါတဲ့ ။
I must get my hair cut.
You ought to get your watch repaired.
5. Passive structure ေတြမွာ be အစား get ကုိ သုံးလုိ.ရပါတယ္ ။ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္မထားဘဲ ရုတ္တရက္ျဖစ္လာတဲ့ ျဖစ္စဥ္ေတြမွာ သုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္ ။
My watch got broken while I was playing with the children.
He got caught by the police driving at 160km an hour.
6. get and go : movement
Get ကုိ movement ရဲ. အဆုံးသတ္အျဖစ္သုံးနုိင္ပါတယ္ ။ the arrival လုိ. အဓိပၸါယ္ရတယ္ ။
Go ကေတာ့ the whole movement ကုိ ေျပာတဲ့အခါမွာ သုံးပါတယ္ ။ ေအာက္က sentence ေတြကုိ ၾကည့္ပါ ။
I go to work by car and Lucy goes by train. I usually get there first.
I went to Bristol yesterday. I got to Bristol at about eight o’clock.
ေရာက္ရွိဖုိ.အတြက္ အခက္အခဲ တစ္ခုခု ရွိတဲ့အခါမ်ဳိးေတြမွာ Get ကုိ သုံးေလ့ရွိပါသတဲ့ ။ ေအာက္က sentence ေတြကုိ ၾကည့္လုိက္ရင္ သေဘာေပါက္သြားမယ္လုိ. ယူဆမိပါတယ္ ။
It wasn’t easy to get through the crowd. (crowd ကုိ ျဖတ္ထြက္ဖို.အတြက္ ခက္ခဲ။)
I don’t know how we are going to get over the river. (ျမစ္ကုိ ျဖတ္ဖုိ.အတြက္ ခက္ခဲ။)
Can you tell me how to get to the police station? (ရဲစခန္းကုိသြားတဲံ လမ္းကုိ မသိလုိ. ခက္ခဲ။)
Saturday, September 5, 2009
အေပ်ာ္တမ္းသမား ေနာက္ဆက္တြဲ
အရင္အပတ္က တင္ခဲ့တဲ့ အေပ်ာ္တမ္းသမား ရဲ.မူရင္းပါ ။ မူရင္းစာေရးဆရာရဲ. သေရာ္ကြက္ေလးေတြကုိ နွစ္သက္မိပါတယ္ ။
The Avenging Amateur
By KURT ANDERSEN
By KURT ANDERSEN
Time (Monday, Aug. 10, 2009)
The financial crisis came about because we got complacent, depending on all-knowing financial experts — mortgage lenders, Wall Street sharpers, the Federal Reserve — to run our system expertly. But then the experts did the same thing, imagining that they had laid off all their risks on other experts. Until finally the last expert down the line turned out to be just another greater fool, and the system crashed.
We still need experts. But we can no longer abdicate judgment to them or to the system they've cobbled together. This country, after all, was created by passionately engaged amateurs. The American spirit really is the amateur spirit. The great mass of European settlers were amateur explorers, and their grandchildren and great-grandchildren who created the U.S. were amateur politicians. "I see democracy," the late historian Daniel Boorstin wrote, as "government by amateurs, as a way of confessing the limits of our knowledge." In the early 19th century, Alexis de Tocqueville approvingly noted the absence of "public careers" in America — that is, the scarcity of professional politicians.
Back then, amateur was an entirely positive adjective. An amateur pursuit meant something that one pursued — a field of study, an artistic enterprise, a craft — not unseriously, but out of love rather than merely to earn a living.
Amateurs do the things they want to do in the ways they want to do them. They don't worry too much about breaking rules and aren't paralyzed by a fear of imperfection or even failure. Active citizenship is all about tapping into one's amateur spirit. "But hold on," you say. "I will never understand credit-default swaps or know how to determine the correct leverage ratio for banks." Me neither, and I don't want to depend on an amateur physician telling me how to manage my health. But we can trust our reality-based hunches about fishy-looking procedures and unsustainable projects and demand that the supposed experts explain their supposed expertise in ways we do understand The American character is two-sided to an extreme and paradoxical degree. On the one hand, we are sober and practical and commonsensical, but on the other hand, we are wild and crazy speculators. The full-blown amateur spirit derives from this same paradox. Even as we indulge our native chutzpah — Live the dream! To hell with the naysayers! — as a practical matter, it also requires a profound humility, since the amateur must throw himself into situations where he's uncertain and even ignorant, and therefore obliged to figure out new ways of seeing problems and fresh ways of solving them. At this particular American inflection point, after the crash and before the rebuild, frankly admitting that we aren't absolutely certain how to proceed is liberating, and crucial. I like paradoxes, which is why, even though I'm not particularly religious, Zen Buddhism has always appealed to me. Take the paradoxical state that Buddhists seek to achieve, what they call sho-shin, or "beginner's mind." The 20th century Japanese Zen master Shunryu Suzuki, who spent the last dozen years of his life in America, famously wrote that "in the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert's mind there are few." Which sounds to me very much like the core of Boorstin's amateur spirit. "The greatest obstacle to discovery is not ignorance," Boorstin wrote, "but the illusion of knowledge."
This isn't just airy-fairy philosophy: it's real, and it works. A decade after Steve Jobs co-founded Apple, he was purged by his own board, but after the sense of betrayal passed, and he went on to build Pixar and oversee Apple's glorious renewal, he realized his personal reset had been a blessing in disguise. "The heaviness of being successful," Jobs has said of his firing, "was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." I happen to know what Jobs means: my sacking as editor of New York magazine 13 years ago freed me to reinvent myself as a novelist and public-radio host. Getting fired was traumatic. Finding my way since has been thrilling and immensely gratifying. May America and Americans have such good luck figuring out how to climb out of the holes we find ourselves in now.
Notes :
come about (that…….) ~ (phr v) to happen : Can you tell me how the accident came about?
complacent (about sb/sth) ~ (adj) too satisfied with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not feel that any change is necessary; showing or feeling complacency: a dangerously complacent attitude to the increase in unemployment. We must not become complacent about progress.
sharper ~ (n) a professional gambler
abdicate ~ (v) to give up the position of being king or queen : He abdicated in favour of his son. She was forced to abdicate the throne of Spain. နန္းစြန္.သည္ ။
cobble sth together~ (phr v) to produce sth quickly and without great care or efforts, so that it can be used but is not perfect: The essay was cobbled together from some old notes. ရရာနွင့္ စပ္ဟပ္ျပဳလုပ္သည္ ။ လြယ္လြယ္နွင့္ ျဖစ္ကတတ္ဆန္းလုပ္သည္ ။
active citizen ~ (n) a person who is actively involved in trying to improve things in their local community
be all about sb/sth ~ used to say what the most important aspect of sth is
credit default swap ~ (CDS) is a swap contract in which the buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments to the seller and, in exchange, receives a payoff if a credit instrument – typically a bond or loan – goes into default ရႈံးနုိင္ေျခရွိမႈကုိ လက္လႊဲ ေရာင္းဝယ္ျခင္း (သင့္ေလ်ာ္သလုိ နားလည္လြယ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ထားျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။)
leverage ~ (n) အရင္းဆပြါးကိန္း (ေငြေၾကးေဈးကြက္မွ စကားလုံးျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ မိမိဘာသာ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ျပန္ဆုိထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ။ )
hold on ~ (infml) used to tell sb to wait or stop: Hold on a minute while I get my breath back. Hold on! This isn’t the right road.
fishy ~ (adj) that makes you suspicious because it seems dishonest
fishy-looking ~ မသကၤာဖြယ္ရာ ။ မဟုတ္တရုတ္ ။
neither ~ (adv) used to show that a negative statement is also true of sb/sth else: He didn’t remember and neither did I. I hadn’t been to New york before and neither had Jane.
neither ~ (infml) I don’t know. Me neither.
hunches ~ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ ။
sober ~ (adj) တည္ၾကည္ေသာ ။ တည္ျငိမ္ေအးေဆးေသာ ။ သင့္တင့္ေလွ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ ။ အလြန္အကြ်ံ မဟုတ္ေသာ ။
chutzpah ~ (n) behaviour, or a person’s attitude, that is rude or shocking but so confident that people may feel forced to admire it သဲထိတ္ရင္ဖုိ ၊ ရင္တုန္ပန္းတုန္ ။
profound ~ (adj) 1. very great; felt or experienced very strongly: profound changes in earth’s climate 2. showing great knowledge or understanding: profound insights; a profound book 3. needing a lot of study or thought: profound questions about life and death 4. (medical) very serious; complete: profound disability
indulge ~ (v) (~ in sth)(~yourself with sth) to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like, especially sth that is considered bad for you: They went into town to indulge in some serious shopping. Indulge myself with a long hot bath. အရသာေတြ.သည္ ။ က်ဴးလြန္သည္ ။ ေမြ.ေလ်ာ္သည္ ။ အလုိလုိက္သည္ ။
naysayer ~ (n) a person who habitually express negative or pessimistic views: Despite a general feeling that things were going well, a few naysayers tried to cast gloom.
full-blown ~ (adj) fully or completely developed; an idea expanded into a full-blown novel
appeal to sb ~ (phr v) to attract or interest sb စိတ္ကုိ စြဲေဆာင္နုိင္စြမ္းရွိသည္ ။
The financial crisis came about because we got complacent, depending on all-knowing financial experts — mortgage lenders, Wall Street sharpers, the Federal Reserve — to run our system expertly. But then the experts did the same thing, imagining that they had laid off all their risks on other experts. Until finally the last expert down the line turned out to be just another greater fool, and the system crashed.
We still need experts. But we can no longer abdicate judgment to them or to the system they've cobbled together. This country, after all, was created by passionately engaged amateurs. The American spirit really is the amateur spirit. The great mass of European settlers were amateur explorers, and their grandchildren and great-grandchildren who created the U.S. were amateur politicians. "I see democracy," the late historian Daniel Boorstin wrote, as "government by amateurs, as a way of confessing the limits of our knowledge." In the early 19th century, Alexis de Tocqueville approvingly noted the absence of "public careers" in America — that is, the scarcity of professional politicians.
Back then, amateur was an entirely positive adjective. An amateur pursuit meant something that one pursued — a field of study, an artistic enterprise, a craft — not unseriously, but out of love rather than merely to earn a living.
Amateurs do the things they want to do in the ways they want to do them. They don't worry too much about breaking rules and aren't paralyzed by a fear of imperfection or even failure. Active citizenship is all about tapping into one's amateur spirit. "But hold on," you say. "I will never understand credit-default swaps or know how to determine the correct leverage ratio for banks." Me neither, and I don't want to depend on an amateur physician telling me how to manage my health. But we can trust our reality-based hunches about fishy-looking procedures and unsustainable projects and demand that the supposed experts explain their supposed expertise in ways we do understand The American character is two-sided to an extreme and paradoxical degree. On the one hand, we are sober and practical and commonsensical, but on the other hand, we are wild and crazy speculators. The full-blown amateur spirit derives from this same paradox. Even as we indulge our native chutzpah — Live the dream! To hell with the naysayers! — as a practical matter, it also requires a profound humility, since the amateur must throw himself into situations where he's uncertain and even ignorant, and therefore obliged to figure out new ways of seeing problems and fresh ways of solving them. At this particular American inflection point, after the crash and before the rebuild, frankly admitting that we aren't absolutely certain how to proceed is liberating, and crucial. I like paradoxes, which is why, even though I'm not particularly religious, Zen Buddhism has always appealed to me. Take the paradoxical state that Buddhists seek to achieve, what they call sho-shin, or "beginner's mind." The 20th century Japanese Zen master Shunryu Suzuki, who spent the last dozen years of his life in America, famously wrote that "in the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert's mind there are few." Which sounds to me very much like the core of Boorstin's amateur spirit. "The greatest obstacle to discovery is not ignorance," Boorstin wrote, "but the illusion of knowledge."
This isn't just airy-fairy philosophy: it's real, and it works. A decade after Steve Jobs co-founded Apple, he was purged by his own board, but after the sense of betrayal passed, and he went on to build Pixar and oversee Apple's glorious renewal, he realized his personal reset had been a blessing in disguise. "The heaviness of being successful," Jobs has said of his firing, "was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." I happen to know what Jobs means: my sacking as editor of New York magazine 13 years ago freed me to reinvent myself as a novelist and public-radio host. Getting fired was traumatic. Finding my way since has been thrilling and immensely gratifying. May America and Americans have such good luck figuring out how to climb out of the holes we find ourselves in now.
Notes :
come about (that…….) ~ (phr v) to happen : Can you tell me how the accident came about?
complacent (about sb/sth) ~ (adj) too satisfied with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not feel that any change is necessary; showing or feeling complacency: a dangerously complacent attitude to the increase in unemployment. We must not become complacent about progress.
sharper ~ (n) a professional gambler
abdicate ~ (v) to give up the position of being king or queen : He abdicated in favour of his son. She was forced to abdicate the throne of Spain. နန္းစြန္.သည္ ။
cobble sth together~ (phr v) to produce sth quickly and without great care or efforts, so that it can be used but is not perfect: The essay was cobbled together from some old notes. ရရာနွင့္ စပ္ဟပ္ျပဳလုပ္သည္ ။ လြယ္လြယ္နွင့္ ျဖစ္ကတတ္ဆန္းလုပ္သည္ ။
active citizen ~ (n) a person who is actively involved in trying to improve things in their local community
be all about sb/sth ~ used to say what the most important aspect of sth is
credit default swap ~ (CDS) is a swap contract in which the buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments to the seller and, in exchange, receives a payoff if a credit instrument – typically a bond or loan – goes into default ရႈံးနုိင္ေျခရွိမႈကုိ လက္လႊဲ ေရာင္းဝယ္ျခင္း (သင့္ေလ်ာ္သလုိ နားလည္လြယ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ထားျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။)
leverage ~ (n) အရင္းဆပြါးကိန္း (ေငြေၾကးေဈးကြက္မွ စကားလုံးျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ မိမိဘာသာ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ျပန္ဆုိထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ ။ )
hold on ~ (infml) used to tell sb to wait or stop: Hold on a minute while I get my breath back. Hold on! This isn’t the right road.
fishy ~ (adj) that makes you suspicious because it seems dishonest
fishy-looking ~ မသကၤာဖြယ္ရာ ။ မဟုတ္တရုတ္ ။
neither ~ (adv) used to show that a negative statement is also true of sb/sth else: He didn’t remember and neither did I. I hadn’t been to New york before and neither had Jane.
neither ~ (infml) I don’t know. Me neither.
hunches ~ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ ။
sober ~ (adj) တည္ၾကည္ေသာ ။ တည္ျငိမ္ေအးေဆးေသာ ။ သင့္တင့္ေလွ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ ။ အလြန္အကြ်ံ မဟုတ္ေသာ ။
chutzpah ~ (n) behaviour, or a person’s attitude, that is rude or shocking but so confident that people may feel forced to admire it သဲထိတ္ရင္ဖုိ ၊ ရင္တုန္ပန္းတုန္ ။
profound ~ (adj) 1. very great; felt or experienced very strongly: profound changes in earth’s climate 2. showing great knowledge or understanding: profound insights; a profound book 3. needing a lot of study or thought: profound questions about life and death 4. (medical) very serious; complete: profound disability
indulge ~ (v) (~ in sth)(~yourself with sth) to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like, especially sth that is considered bad for you: They went into town to indulge in some serious shopping. Indulge myself with a long hot bath. အရသာေတြ.သည္ ။ က်ဴးလြန္သည္ ။ ေမြ.ေလ်ာ္သည္ ။ အလုိလုိက္သည္ ။
naysayer ~ (n) a person who habitually express negative or pessimistic views: Despite a general feeling that things were going well, a few naysayers tried to cast gloom.
full-blown ~ (adj) fully or completely developed; an idea expanded into a full-blown novel
appeal to sb ~ (phr v) to attract or interest sb စိတ္ကုိ စြဲေဆာင္နုိင္စြမ္းရွိသည္ ။
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